SMTP/s - Port 25,465,587

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SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a core component of the internet's email infrastructure, responsible for sending and receiving emails. It's a protocol within the TCP/IP suite, frequently working alongside POP3 or IMAP to store emails on servers and allow users to access them. Despite its widespread use, SMTP has certain vulnerabilities that make it a popular target for penetration testers and hackers.

SMTP Commands:

HELO It’s the first SMTP command: is starts the conversation identifying the sender server and is generally followed by its domain name.

EHLO An alternative command to start the conversation, underlying that the server is using the Extended SMTP protocol.

MAIL FROM With this SMTP command the operations begin: the sender states the source email address in the “From” field and actually starts the email transfer.

RCPT TO It identifies the recipient of the email; if there are more than one, the command is simply repeated address by address.

SIZE This SMTP command informs the remote server about the estimated size (in terms of bytes) of the attached email. It can also be used to report the maximum size of a message to be accepted by the server.

DATA With the DATA command the email content begins to be transferred; it’s generally followed by a 354 reply code given by the server, giving the permission to start the actual transmission.

VRFY The server is asked to verify whether a particular email address or username actually exists.

TURN This command is used to invert roles between the client and the server, without the need to run a new connaction.

AUTH With the AUTH command, the client authenticates itself to the server, giving its username and password. It’s another layer of security to guarantee a proper transmission.

RSET It communicates the server that the ongoing email transmission is going to be terminated, though the SMTP conversation won’t be closed (like in the case of QUIT).

EXPN This SMTP command asks for a confirmation about the identification of a mailing list.

HELP It’s a client’s request for some information that can be useful for the a successful transfer of the email.

QUIT It terminates the SMTP conversation.

Reconnaissance and Information Gathering

Subdomain Enumeration & DNS Misconfigurations: Before jumping into SMTP directly, expand the reconnaissance section to include subdomain enumeration for deeper target discovery. Tools like amass or sublist3r could be used here to identify potential SMTP servers:

amass enum -d <target-domain>

Subdomains could potentially host misconfigured or less secure SMTP servers.

1.1. Identify Open SMTP Ports

Start by using tools like Nmap to identify open ports, typically 25 (SMTP), 465 (SMTPS), and 587 (Submission over TLS):

nmap -p25,465,587 --open <target-IP>

Using Metasploit:

use auxiliary/scanner/smtp/smtp_enum
set RHOSTS <target-IP>
set THREADS 10
run

1.2. MX Record Discovery

Discover Mail Exchanger (MX) records for the target organization:

dig +short mx <target-domain>

This will return the mail servers responsible for receiving emails for the domain.

1.3. Banner Grabbing

Banner grabbing helps identify the SMTP server version, which could contain known vulnerabilities. Use Netcat or OpenSSL to connect and grab the banner:

nc -vn <target-IP> 25

For secure connections:

openssl s_client -starttls smtp -connect <target-IP>:587

Using Metasploit:

use auxiliary/scanner/smtp/smtp_version

Look for:

• Server versions

• Mail server type (Microsoft ESMTP, Postfix, Exim, etc.)

• Any other information leaks (internal hostnames)

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Enumeration and Vulnerability Discovery

2.1. Enumerate SMTP Commands

Use Nmap's smtp-commands script to enumerate supported SMTP commands. This may give insights into how to interact with the server, and whether certain attack vectors (like relay attacks) are possible.

nmap -p25 --script smtp-commands <target-IP>

2.2. Open Relay Testing

An open SMTP relay can be abused to send spam or phishing emails without authentication. Use the smtp-open-relay Nmap script to test for this vulnerability:

nmap -p25 --script smtp-open-relay <target-IP>

Using Telent:

telnet <target-IP> 25
helo attacker.com
mail from: [e-mail]
rcpt to: [e-mail]
data
This is a test email to verify open relay.
.
quit

If the server is vulnerable, you will be able to send emails without being an authenticated user.

2.3. Verify Users

SMTP servers can sometimes allow username verification using RCPT TO and VRFY commands, revealing valid email accounts on the system.

telnet <target-IP> 25
HELO test.com
MAIL FROM: [e-mail]
RCPT TO: [e-mail]

If you get a 250 OK response, the email address is valid.

You can automate this using tools like smtp-user-enum:

smtp-user-enum -M VRFY -U users.txt -t <target-IP>

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Exploiting Information Disclosure and Misconfigurations

3.1. Internal Server Name Disclosure

Some SMTP servers may leak internal server names in the response to commands like MAIL FROM:. For example:

MAIL FROM: [e-mail]

Response:

250 [e-mail]...Sender OK

This internal information could be used in later attacks.

3.2. NTLM Authentication Information Disclosure

If the SMTP server supports NTLM authentication, you can extract sensitive information by interacting with the authentication process.

nmap --script smtp-ntlm-info.nse -p25 <target-IP>

Using Metasploit:

use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_ntlm_credential_dump
set RHOSTS <target-IP>
run

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Password Cracking and Credential Harvesting

4.1. Sniffing Cleartext Credentials

SMTP running on port 25 (non-SSL) may allow you to capture email credentials via network sniffing using Wireshark or tcpdump. Look for cleartext AUTH LOGIN or AUTH PLAIN credentials.

Wireshark filter:

tcp.port == 25 && tcp contains "AUTH"

4.2. SMTP Brute-Forcing

If authentication is required but weak credentials are suspected, use brute-forcing tools such as Hydra:

hydra -L users.txt -P passwords.txt smtp://<target-IP> -V

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Sending Malicious Emails (Post-Exploitation)

Once access is gained to the SMTP server or an open relay is found, it is possible to send phishing emails, malware, or perform further reconnaissance.

5.1. Send an Email from Linux Command Line

sendEmail -t [e-mail] -f [e-mail] -s <target-IP> -u "Urgent" -m "Please open the attached document" -a /path/to/malware.pdf

Or use Swaks to send phishing emails:

swaks --to [e-mail] --from [e-mail] --header "Subject: Urgent" --body "Click this link" --server <target-IP>

5.2. Phishing with EICAR Test File

Test antivirus defenses by sending an EICAR test file to see if the server scans attachments for malware. This helps identify email gateway filtering systems:

sendEmail -t [e-mail] -f [e-mail] -s <target-IP> -u "Test" -a /path/to/eicar.com